Esophageal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the esophagus, the long tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. It typically begins in the cells lining the esophagus and can develop into tumors. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, which differ based on the cells they originate from. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, weight loss, and chest pain. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.