Emergent behavior refers to complex patterns or properties that arise from simple interactions among individual components in a system. This phenomenon can be observed in various fields, such as biology, computer science, and sociology. For example, the flocking of birds, where each bird follows simple rules, results in the coordinated movement of the entire group. In computer science, emergent behavior can be seen in artificial intelligence systems, where simple algorithms lead to unexpected and sophisticated outcomes. Similarly, in sociology, the collective behavior of crowds can emerge from individuals acting based on personal motivations, leading to larger social dynamics that are not predictable from individual actions alone.