Electrochemical sensors are devices that detect and measure chemical substances by converting chemical information into an electrical signal. They typically consist of an electrode system that interacts with the target analyte, allowing for the quantification of various substances, such as gases or ions, in a solution. These sensors are widely used in fields like environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, and industrial processes. The operation of electrochemical sensors relies on principles of electrochemistry, where reactions at the electrode surface generate measurable currents or voltages. Common types include potentiometric, amperometric, and conductometric sensors, each suited for different applications. Their sensitivity and specificity make them valuable tools for real-time analysis.