Early modern humans, known scientifically as Homo sapiens, emerged around 300,000 years ago in Africa. They are characterized by a larger brain size and more advanced tools compared to their predecessors. This species developed complex language, art, and social structures, which allowed them to adapt to various environments. As they migrated out of Africa, early modern humans spread across the globe, reaching regions like Europe, Asia, and Australia. They coexisted with other hominins, such as Neanderthals, and eventually became the only surviving human species. Their ability to innovate and communicate played a crucial role in their survival and success.