Early civilizations emerged around 3500 BCE in regions like the Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley. These societies developed complex social structures, established governments, and created written languages, which allowed them to record information and communicate effectively. Agriculture played a crucial role, as people began to farm and settle in one place, leading to population growth and the rise of cities. Trade and cultural exchange flourished as these civilizations interacted with one another. Innovations in technology, such as the wheel and irrigation systems, improved daily life and agricultural productivity. Religion and art also became important aspects of these societies, reflecting their beliefs and values.