The early Middle Ages, often referred to as the Dark Ages, spanned roughly from the 5th to the 10th century. This period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was marked by a decline in urban life, trade, and literacy in Europe. Many regions experienced political fragmentation, leading to the rise of local kingdoms and feudal systems. During this time, the spread of Christianity played a significant role in shaping European culture and society. Monasteries became centers of learning and preservation of knowledge, while the Carolingian Empire, established by Charlemagne, sought to unite much of Western Europe under a single rule, promoting stability and cultural revival.