Cyber operations refer to activities conducted in cyberspace to achieve specific objectives, often involving the use of technology and computer networks. These operations can include actions like gathering intelligence, disrupting services, or protecting systems from attacks. They are typically carried out by governments, military organizations, or private entities to safeguard information and infrastructure. In the context of national security, cyber operations can be defensive or offensive. Defensive operations focus on protecting systems from threats, while offensive operations may involve attacking an adversary's networks or data. Both types of operations are crucial for maintaining the integrity of cybersecurity and ensuring the safety of critical infrastructure.