Cryptographic protocols are structured methods used to secure communication and data exchange over networks. They employ mathematical techniques to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of information. Common examples include SSL/TLS for secure web browsing and PGP for email encryption. These protocols define rules and procedures for encrypting messages, verifying identities, and establishing secure connections. By using cryptographic keys, they help prevent unauthorized access and ensure that only intended recipients can read the information. Overall, cryptographic protocols are essential for maintaining privacy and security in digital communications.