Crowded spaces refer to areas where a large number of people gather in a relatively small physical environment. These can include places like concerts, shopping malls, public transportation, and sporting events. The high density of individuals can lead to challenges such as limited personal space and increased noise levels. In crowded spaces, the movement of people can become restricted, making it difficult to navigate. Safety concerns may also arise, as emergencies can be harder to manage in such environments. Understanding the dynamics of crowded spaces is important for planning events and ensuring public safety.