Conditional statements are logical constructs used in programming and mathematics that perform actions based on whether a specific condition is true or false. They typically follow the format "If condition, then action." For example, if it is raining, then take an umbrella. This allows for decision-making in code, enabling programs to respond differently under varying circumstances. In everyday language, conditional statements help us express possibilities and consequences. Phrases like "If you study hard, then you will pass the exam" illustrate how one action depends on another. This structure is essential for clear communication and reasoning in both technical and casual contexts.