Chromosome segregation is the process during cell division where duplicated chromosomes are separated into two new cells. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, which contain the genetic information necessary for proper function and development. During mitosis and meiosis, specialized structures called spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart. In mitosis, the goal is to create two identical cells, while in meiosis, the process results in four genetically diverse cells, each with half the original chromosome number. Proper chromosome segregation is crucial for maintaining genetic stability.