Charge separation occurs when positive and negative electric charges are distributed unevenly within a material or system. This can happen in various contexts, such as in atoms, where electrons are pulled away from protons, or in clouds, where water droplets gain a charge through friction. In nature, charge separation is crucial for phenomena like lightning. When the charge difference between the ground and a cloud becomes significant, it can lead to a sudden discharge of electricity, creating a lightning bolt. This process illustrates how charge separation can lead to dramatic effects in the environment.