Ancient history refers to the period of human history that began with the invention of writing around 3,000 BCE and lasted until the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. This era includes the rise and fall of great civilizations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, and is marked by significant developments in culture, politics, and technology. During ancient history, people created complex societies, established trade routes, and developed systems of governance. Important achievements include the construction of monumental structures like the Pyramids of Giza and the Colosseum, as well as advancements in philosophy, mathematics, and art that continue to influence modern society.