The ancient Romans were a civilization that began in the city of Rome around the 8th century BCE. They are known for their contributions to law, government, and engineering. The Roman Republic, established in 509 BCE, allowed citizens to vote and elect leaders. Later, the Roman Empire expanded across Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, becoming one of the largest empires in history. Roman society was structured with distinct classes, including patricians (noble families) and plebeians (common people). They built impressive structures like aqueducts and coliseums, showcasing their advanced engineering skills. The Romans also made significant advancements in art, literature, and architecture, influencing many cultures that followed.