Affirmative action refers to policies and practices aimed at increasing opportunities for historically marginalized groups, such as women and racial minorities. These measures can include targeted recruitment, training programs, and considerations in hiring or admissions processes to promote diversity and equality in education and employment. The goal of affirmative action is to address past discrimination and create a more level playing field. By providing support and opportunities, it seeks to ensure that individuals from underrepresented backgrounds have a fair chance to succeed in various sectors, including education and the workforce.