Wolfgang Pauli was an Austrian theoretical physicist born on April 25, 1900, in Vienna. He is best known for his work in quantum mechanics and for formulating the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. This principle is fundamental in explaining the structure of atoms and the behavior of electrons. Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945 for his contributions to the understanding of atomic structure and quantum theory. He was also known for his sharp intellect and critical approach to scientific problems, earning him a reputation as a prominent figure in the field of physics until his death on December 15, 1958.