The White Citizens' Councils were organizations formed in the southern United States during the 1950s, primarily in response to the civil rights movement. They aimed to maintain racial segregation and oppose the integration of schools and public facilities. These councils were composed mainly of white citizens, including local business leaders and politicians, who sought to preserve white supremacy through economic and social pressure. The councils often used intimidation tactics, such as boycotts and threats, against those who supported desegregation or civil rights for African Americans. While they claimed to promote law and order, their actions contributed to a climate of fear and resistance against the growing demand for racial equality in America.