Western exploration refers to the period during the 15th to 17th centuries when European nations, particularly Spain, Portugal, England, and France, sought new trade routes and territories. Driven by the desire for wealth, resources, and knowledge, explorers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan embarked on voyages across the oceans, leading to the discovery of the Americas and new sea routes to Asia. These explorations resulted in significant cultural exchanges and the establishment of colonies. The encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples often led to conflict, trade, and the spread of diseases, profoundly impacting global history and shaping the modern world.