Viral genomics is the study of the genetic material of viruses. It involves analyzing the DNA or RNA sequences that make up a virus's genome. This field helps scientists understand how viruses function, evolve, and interact with their hosts, which is crucial for developing vaccines and treatments. By using techniques like next-generation sequencing, researchers can quickly identify and track viral outbreaks. This information is vital for public health responses, as it allows for the monitoring of mutations and the effectiveness of existing vaccines against emerging strains, such as those seen in COVID-19.