Victorian London refers to the period during the reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901. This era was marked by rapid industrialization, which transformed the city into a bustling metropolis. The population grew significantly, leading to the expansion of infrastructure, including the construction of the London Underground and iconic landmarks like the Big Ben and the Tower Bridge. During this time, London became a center for culture and innovation, with advancements in science, literature, and the arts. Notable figures such as Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy emerged, reflecting the social issues of the time. The city also faced challenges, including overcrowding and poverty, which were prominent in the East End.