Venetian history dates back to the 5th century when refugees from the mainland settled in the marshy islands of the Venetian Lagoon to escape invasions. Over time, these settlements grew into the city of Venice, which became a powerful maritime republic known for its trade and commerce. By the 13th century, Venice was a major player in the Mediterranean trade network, connecting Europe with the Middle East and Asia. During the Renaissance, Venice flourished as a center of art and culture, producing renowned artists like Titian and Tintoretto. The city's unique political system, a republic governed by the Doge, allowed for a blend of aristocracy and democracy. However, by the 18th century, Venice's power waned, leading to its annexation by the Austrian Empire and later becoming part of Italy in the 19th century.