Vegetation indices are numerical values derived from satellite or aerial imagery that help assess the health and density of vegetation. They are calculated using specific wavelengths of light reflected by plants, particularly in the visible and infrared spectrum. Common indices include the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which indicates plant health by comparing the difference between near-infrared and red light. These indices are widely used in agriculture, environmental monitoring, and climate studies to track changes in vegetation over time. By analyzing vegetation indices, researchers can make informed decisions about land management, crop health, and ecological conservation efforts.