The uterine arteries are vital blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the uterus. They branch off from the internal iliac arteries and travel along the sides of the uterus, ensuring it receives the necessary nutrients for its functions, including menstruation and pregnancy. These arteries play a crucial role during pregnancy, as they expand to accommodate increased blood flow to support the developing fetus. Additionally, the uterine arteries are involved in the menstrual cycle, helping to regulate the shedding of the uterine lining during menstruation.