The United States Census is a nationwide survey conducted every ten years to count the population and gather demographic information about residents. It aims to provide an accurate snapshot of the country's population, including details such as age, race, and housing. This data is crucial for government planning, resource allocation, and representation in Congress. The first census was conducted in 1790, and it has evolved over the years to include more questions and better methods of data collection. The information collected helps inform decisions on public services, infrastructure, and community needs across the United States.