Tumor-specific proteins are unique proteins produced by cancer cells that are not found in normal cells. These proteins can arise from mutations in the DNA of the tumor, leading to the creation of abnormal proteins that can serve as markers for the presence of cancer. Researchers study these proteins to develop targeted therapies and diagnostic tests. By identifying tumor-specific proteins, scientists can create treatments that specifically attack cancer cells while sparing healthy cells, improving the effectiveness of therapies and reducing side effects associated with traditional treatments like chemotherapy.