Thermal transfer refers to the movement of heat from one object or substance to another. This process can occur through three main methods: conduction, convection, and radiation. In conduction, heat moves through direct contact between materials, while convection involves the transfer of heat through fluids (liquids or gases) as they circulate. Radiation, on the other hand, involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves, such as sunlight warming the Earth. In many applications, such as in thermal insulation or heat exchangers, understanding thermal transfer is crucial for improving energy efficiency. Engineers and scientists study these principles to design better systems for heating and cooling, ensuring optimal performance in various industries, including automotive and building construction.