Thermal control refers to the methods and technologies used to manage temperature in various environments, ensuring that systems operate within safe and efficient temperature ranges. This is crucial in fields like aerospace, electronics, and building design, where excessive heat can lead to failures or reduced performance. Effective thermal control can involve insulation, heating, and cooling systems, as well as materials that regulate heat transfer. For example, in spacecraft, NASA employs thermal control systems to protect sensitive equipment from extreme temperatures in space. Similarly, in buildings, HVAC systems help maintain comfortable indoor climates.