Thermal management refers to the process of controlling the temperature of a system or device to ensure it operates efficiently and safely. This is especially important in electronics, where excessive heat can damage components like microchips and batteries. Effective thermal management techniques include using heat sinks, fans, and thermal insulation to dissipate heat and maintain optimal operating temperatures. In industries like automotive and aerospace, thermal management is crucial for performance and safety. For example, electric vehicles rely on advanced thermal management systems to keep their batteries cool during charging and operation. By managing heat effectively, these systems enhance reliability and extend the lifespan of critical components.