The Thanjavur Maratha dynasty was a prominent ruling family in southern India during the 17th and 18th centuries. They emerged after the decline of the Nayak rulers and played a significant role in the political landscape of the region. The dynasty is known for its contributions to art, culture, and architecture, particularly in the city of Thanjavur. Under the leadership of rulers like Shivaji and Baji Rao, the Thanjavur Marathas fostered the development of classical music and dance, notably the Bharatanatyam dance form. They also built several temples and palaces, which reflect the rich cultural heritage of the region.