Thai history dates back thousands of years, with early civilizations emerging around the Chao Phraya River. The Sukhothai Kingdom, established in the 13th century, is often considered the first Thai kingdom, known for its cultural and artistic achievements, including the creation of the Thai script. In the 18th century, the Ayutthaya Kingdom rose to prominence, becoming a major trading hub. Following its fall to the Burmese in 1767, the Rattanakosin Kingdom was established, with Bangkok as its capital. Over the years, Thailand has maintained its independence while navigating colonial pressures and modernizing in the 20th century.