Surface drainage refers to the process of managing excess water on the ground's surface to prevent flooding and erosion. This is typically achieved through the use of ditches, channels, and other structures that direct water away from areas where it can cause damage. Effective surface drainage helps maintain soil health and supports agricultural practices by ensuring that crops receive adequate water without being waterlogged. In urban areas, surface drainage systems are crucial for managing stormwater runoff. These systems often include storm drains, retention basins, and permeable pavements that allow water to flow away from streets and buildings. Proper surface drainage is essential for protecting infrastructure and reducing the risk of water-related issues, such as flooding and water pollution.