Sultan Mahmud Shah was the last ruler of the Malacca Sultanate, reigning from 1459 to 1511. He is known for his efforts to maintain the sultanate's power during a time of increasing external threats, particularly from the Portuguese. His reign saw the decline of Malacca as a major trading hub due to these pressures. In 1511, Sultan Mahmud Shah faced a significant challenge when the Portuguese captured Malacca, leading to the fall of the sultanate. After the conquest, he fled to Johor, where he continued to resist Portuguese influence. His legacy is marked by the struggle to preserve the independence of his kingdom.