Sultan II. Abdülhamid was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1876 to 1909. He is known for his efforts to modernize the empire, including reforms in education, infrastructure, and the military. His rule was marked by significant political challenges, including rising nationalism among various ethnic groups within the empire. Abdülhamid's reign also saw the introduction of the first Ottoman Constitution in 1876, although he suspended it shortly after. He is often remembered for his authoritarian governance and the establishment of a vast surveillance system to maintain control. His rule ended when he was deposed in a coup in 1909.