Sultan Abdülhamid II was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1876 to 1909. He is known for his efforts to modernize the empire, including reforms in education, infrastructure, and the military. His reign was marked by significant political challenges, including rising nationalism among various ethnic groups within the empire. Despite his modernization efforts, Abdülhamid II became increasingly autocratic, suspending the constitution in 1878 and ruling without a parliament for many years. His reign ended when he was deposed in a coup led by the Young Turks, who sought to restore constitutional governance and promote further reforms.