The spinal anatomy consists of the vertebral column, which is made up of 33 individual bones called vertebrae. These vertebrae are divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. The spinal column protects the spinal cord, a vital part of the nervous system that transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Each vertebra has a central hole, known as the vertebral foramen, through which the spinal cord passes. Between the vertebrae are intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers and allow for flexibility. The spinal anatomy also includes various ligaments and muscles that support and stabilize the spine.