Spectroscopy techniques are methods used to analyze the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. These techniques help scientists identify the composition, structure, and properties of substances by measuring how they absorb, emit, or scatter light. Common types include infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Each technique has its unique applications; for example, infrared spectroscopy is often used to identify functional groups in organic compounds, while NMR spectroscopy provides detailed information about molecular structure. Overall, spectroscopy is a vital tool in fields like chemistry, biology, and materials science for understanding the characteristics of various materials.