Spectroscopic techniques are methods used to analyze the interaction between light and matter. By studying how light is absorbed, emitted, or scattered by substances, scientists can gain valuable information about their composition and structure. Common types of spectroscopy include infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, each serving different purposes in fields like chemistry, biology, and materials science. These techniques are essential for identifying unknown compounds, determining molecular structures, and studying chemical reactions. For example, infrared spectroscopy helps identify functional groups in organic molecules, while NMR spectroscopy provides insights into molecular dynamics. Overall, spectroscopic techniques are powerful tools for understanding the world at a molecular level.