Specification languages are formal languages used to describe the behavior and properties of systems, particularly in software and hardware development. They provide a structured way to specify requirements, ensuring clarity and precision in communication among stakeholders. By using these languages, developers can create models that help in understanding complex systems and verifying their correctness. Common examples of specification languages include Z, VHDL, and UML. These languages allow for the formal representation of system components, interactions, and constraints, facilitating better design and analysis. Ultimately, specification languages play a crucial role in improving the reliability and quality of software and hardware products.