The Spanish Reconquista was a centuries-long series of military campaigns aimed at reclaiming the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule. It began in the early 8th century after the Muslim conquest and continued until 1492, when the last Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. This period was marked by the gradual expansion of Christian kingdoms, including Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, as they fought against various Muslim states. The Reconquista significantly shaped Spanish culture, politics, and religion, leading to the establishment of a unified Spain under Christian rule.