The Smalkaldic War (1546-1547) was a conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between the forces of the Protestant Smalkaldic League and the Catholic supporters of Emperor Charles V. The war arose from tensions over religious reforms and the growing power of Protestant states, which sought to defend their rights against the Emperor's attempts to restore Catholic dominance. The war ended with a decisive victory for Charles V at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547. Following this defeat, many Protestant leaders were captured or forced into exile, leading to a temporary consolidation of Catholic power in the Empire. However, the conflict ultimately set the stage for further religious struggles in Europe.