The Sliding Window Protocol is a method used in computer networking to manage the flow of data between two devices. It allows multiple packets to be sent before needing an acknowledgment for the first one, improving efficiency. The "window" represents the number of packets that can be sent without waiting for an acknowledgment, enabling better utilization of the available bandwidth. In this protocol, the sender maintains a window of packets that can be transmitted, while the receiver keeps track of which packets have been received. As acknowledgments are received, the window slides forward, allowing new packets to be sent. This process helps in minimizing delays and optimizing data transfer, especially in high-latency networks.