Sir James Simpson was a Scottish physician born in 1811, best known for his pioneering work in anesthesia. He discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform in 1847, which revolutionized surgery by allowing patients to undergo procedures without pain. His work significantly improved surgical practices and patient care during the 19th century. In addition to his contributions to anesthesia, Simpson was a prominent advocate for women's health. He played a crucial role in promoting the use of anesthesia in childbirth, making labor less painful for women. His efforts laid the groundwork for modern obstetrics and improved maternal care, influencing practices that are still in use today.