Shah Alam II was the Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1759 to 1806. He was the son of Bahadur Shah I and faced significant challenges during his reign, including the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of European powers, particularly the British East India Company. His rule was marked by attempts to restore the empire's former glory, but he struggled with internal conflicts and external threats. Despite his efforts, Shah Alam II's authority diminished over time, leading to the loss of territories and influence. He eventually sought refuge in Awadh after being defeated by the Marathas. His reign symbolizes the transition period of the Mughal Empire as it faced increasing challenges from both within and outside.