Sewage sludge is the semi-solid material that remains after wastewater treatment processes. It contains organic matter, nutrients, and various contaminants, including pathogens and heavy metals. This byproduct is generated from the treatment of sewage in wastewater treatment plants and can vary in composition depending on the source of the wastewater. After treatment, sewage sludge can be processed further for beneficial uses, such as land application as fertilizer or soil amendment. However, proper management is essential to minimize environmental and health risks associated with its use, ensuring that harmful substances are reduced or eliminated before disposal or reuse.