The Second Viennese School refers to a group of composers in the early 20th century who were influential in the development of modern classical music. It is primarily associated with three key figures: Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Anton Webern. These composers were known for their innovative approaches to harmony, melody, and form, moving away from traditional tonality. The school emerged in Vienna, Austria, and is characterized by the use of atonality and the twelve-tone technique, which was developed by Schoenberg. This method involves using all twelve notes of the chromatic scale in a specific order, creating a new framework for composition that challenged conventional musical norms.