The Second Sudanese Civil War lasted from 1983 to 2005, primarily between the northern government and the southern Sudanese rebels, notably the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). The conflict arose from political, economic, and cultural tensions, including issues of governance and the imposition of Islamic law in the south. The war resulted in significant loss of life, with estimates of over two million deaths and millions displaced. It ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which granted autonomy to southern Sudan and set the stage for a referendum on independence, leading to the creation of South Sudan in 2011.