Scheduling algorithms are methods used to manage the execution of processes in a computer system. They determine the order in which tasks are processed, aiming to optimize performance metrics like response time, throughput, and resource utilization. Common types include First-Come, First-Served (FCFS), Shortest Job Next (SJN), and Round Robin. These algorithms are crucial in operating systems, where they help allocate CPU time to various processes. By efficiently scheduling tasks, they ensure that the system runs smoothly and responds quickly to user requests, ultimately enhancing the overall user experience.