The term "Russian principalities" refers to the various semi-independent regions that emerged in Eastern Europe during the early medieval period, particularly from the 9th to the 15th centuries. These principalities were often ruled by local princes and were part of the broader Kievan Rus' federation, which is considered a cultural and political precursor to modern Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Key principalities included Novgorod, Kiev, and Vladimir-Suzdal. Each principality had its own governance, economy, and social structure, but they shared common cultural and religious ties, primarily influenced by Orthodox Christianity. Over time, many of these principalities were absorbed into larger states, leading to the formation of a more unified Russian state.