The Novgorod Republic was a medieval state in northeastern Europe, existing from the 12th to the 15th centuries. It was centered around the city of Novgorod, which became a major trade hub connecting the Baltic Sea and Byzantine Empire. The republic was known for its unique political system, which included a council called the Veche, where free citizens could participate in decision-making. The Novgorod Republic was notable for its relative independence and democratic practices compared to other contemporary states. It maintained a strong economy based on trade, agriculture, and crafts. The republic eventually declined due to internal strife and external pressures, particularly from the Moscow Grand Duchy.