Routing protocols are essential for determining the best paths for data to travel across networks. They enable routers to communicate with each other, sharing information about network topology and traffic conditions. Common examples of routing protocols include RIP, OSPF, and BGP, each designed for specific types of networks and requirements. These protocols can be classified into two main categories: distance-vector and link-state. Distance-vector protocols, like RIP, use hop count to determine the best route, while link-state protocols, such as OSPF, maintain a complete view of the network to make more informed routing decisions.